Die Kryptogeldeinheit Bitcoin und ihre zugrundeliegende Technologie der Blockchain nimmt in der öffentlichen Diskussion zunehmend Raum ein. Auch Banken und andere Industrien denken über den Einsatz von zumindest der Blockchain-Technologie nach, um zweifelsfreie Geldströme international kostengünstig zur organisieren: vgl. hierzu u.a. die Gründung des R3CEV-Konsortiums sowie die Beiträge Blockchain & Smart Contracts, Blockchain: Salesforce me! und Blockchain Lotterie in diesem Blog.
In diesem Beitrag soll eine spezifische, neue Spielart des wirtschaftlichen Einsatzes der Blockchain-Technologie thematisiert werden: das Timestamping von beliebigen Dateien, eMail, Dokumenten etc.
Praktische Einsatzmöglichkeiten könnte z.B. eine App sein, mit der man selbst aufgenommene Fotos zeitlich signiert und für Dritte beweisbar macht. Damit könnten etwaige Schäden am Mietwagen dokumentiert werden und so nachgewiesen werden, dass diese vor Fahrtantritt vorlagen. Ein weiterer Use Case wäre die Signierung von Vertragstexten, deren Integrität und Zeitlichkeit zweifelsfrei dokumentiert wäre. Auch das Vorhandensein von geistigem Eigentum (Musik, Texte, Patente, Schutzschriften etc.) kann zeitlich signiert werden, um Ansprüchen von Dritten wirksam entgegenzutreten. Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sind nahezu unbegrenzt.
Basis für vertrauenswürdiges, akzeptiertes Timestamping ist die weit verbreitete Bitcoin-Blockchain, welche durch zahlreiche Miner gehostet und im Rahmen des Mining-Wettstreites kontinuierlich ergänzt wird. Diese beruht – wie andere Blockchains auch – auf dem Prinzip, dass der aktuellste Block mit dem jeweiligen Vorgänger fest verknüpft ist und zeitlich nachgelagert ist. In der Bitcoin-Blockchain wird also die Zeit der Blockerstellung festgehalten.
Zur technischen Umsetzung wird auf die Scripting-Fähigkeit der Blockchain zurückgegriffen und die zu speichernde Information auf Byte-Ebene in den Opcode OP_RETURN gelegt. Diese Möglichkeit wurde für die Bitcoin-Blockchain nachträglich in 2013/2014 geschaffen, nachdem sich die beteiligten Entwickler darüber auseinandergesetzt haben, ob Bitcoin sich rein auf Finanztransaktionen fokussieren soll oder auch andere Informationen quasi huckepack in die Blockchain einbauen soll. Die einzulagernde Information dar 40 Byte lang sein. Zumeist wird ein Hash hinterlegt, welcher ein unverfälschteres, digitales Abbild von beliebige großen Daten erzeugt (vgl. unten).
Timestamp-Anbieter nutzen diesen Umstand und stellen Trusted-Timestamping-Dienste bereit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_timestamping
Dabei wird eine Mail, eine PDF-Datei, ein beliebiges File usw. gehasht, also der beliebig lange digitale Inhalt auf eine Textzeichenfolge mit fixer Länge kryptographisch heruntergerechnet. Vorteil der Hash-Technologie ist die definitive Bestimmbarkeit der Ergebnis und Validität des der Zeichenfolge. Ändert sich nur ein Bit in der Ausgangsdatei, sieht die Textzeichenfolgen – der Hash – komplett anders aus.
Die Anbieter übernehmen entweder den selbst erstellten Hash-Wert oder stellen Dienste bereit, bei denen der Kunde seine Datei per Blind-Copy (BCC-Funktion in eMail-Programmen) oder per Upload (ähnlich wie einem Cloud-Dienst z.B. Dropbox) dem Dienst zur Berechnung und fallweisen Speicherung übergibt. Der Hash wird dann in eine gültige Bitcoin-Adresse umgewandelt und mit einem Bitcoin-Wert als Transaktion ausgeführt und gespeichert. Aus dem Bitcoin-Wert wird die Vergütung des Miners und des Timestampings-Anbieter bestritten.
Sollte der Kunde in die Verlegenheit kommen die zeitliche Einordnung oder die Existenz seines Dokumentes nachzuweisen, läuft der Prozess im Prinzip in die entgegengesetzte Richtung bis zu dem Punkt der Hash-Berechnung. Da aus einem Hash-Wert niemals die Originaldatei produziert werden kann, wird die Validierung über den Vergleich des rückgerechneten Hash-Wertes mit den dem Zeitpunkt der Überprüfung neu erzeugten Hash der fraglichen Datei verglichen. Damit ist der zweifelsfreie Nachweis der Existenz und der zeitlichen Einordnung möglich.
Zumeist nehmen sich Startups dieses Themas an. Große IT-Anbieter wie Dropbox, Box, Google, SalesForce, Microsoft sind bislang noch nicht mit marktfähigen Produkten vertreten, aber bei entsprechender Resonanz ist dies absehbar, denn die Vorteile sind evident:
- Weltweit anerkannte Technologie mit sehr vielen „Treuhändern“, Minern, welche auf Open-Source-Basis die verlässliche Basistechnologie bereitstellen und betreiben.
- Vertrauensbildung durch Verknüpfung mit Bitcoin-Technologie
- Vermeidung von Medienbrüchen weil durchgängige digitale Abbildung
- Entfall von dritten Treuhändern wie Notaren und Rechtsanwälten, welche bislang die aufwändige Bestätigung von formfreien Dokumenten vorgenommen haben
- Geringe Kosten
Derzeit, März 2016, sind folgende Timestamping-Anbieter bekannt:
Bitproof.io
Originstamp.org
proofofexistence.com
originstamp.org
btproof.com
metrognomo.com (eigene Blockchain, nicht Bitcoin-Blockchain)
Blocknotary (iOS-App)
stampery.com
Factom
ascribe.io
Omni Layer
Blockstack Server
Nicht-Bitcoin-Blockchain-basierte Anbieter
Da die Bitcoin Blockchain für die geschilderten Zwecke etwas „missbraucht“ wird und sich die Probleme mit der Bitcoin-Performanz aufgrund der Weigerung des Core-Teams bei der Erhöhung der Blockgröße in letzter Zeit eher negativ entwicklen, traten alternative Timestamping-Dienste, welche sich auf andere Blockchains als Basis verlassen, auf den Plan. Ein schönes Beispiel ist das MetroGnomoproject, entwickelt von Z/Yen Group, welches von der britischen Selbstverwaltungsregion Island of Alderney gefördert wird. Derzeit in der Beta-Phase ist die Performanz und Einfachheit der Bedienung ansprechend. Alderney verfolgt mit dem Engagement abgabegemäß den Zweck, als Zentrum für Standards und Akkreditierung im Blockchain-Bereich zu etablieren.
Das Start-up bietet zudem die Technologie an, mit der sich die Blockchains von Bitcoin, Ripple, Ethereum und andere MDL (MDL = Mutual Distributed Ledger, u.a. deren Eigenentwicklung) zusammenbinden lassen, um übergreifende „prooves of existence“ anzubieten.
Das es für die Realisierung eines Timestamping-Dienstes nicht viel braucht und trotzdem dieser umfangreich und nutzerfreundlich gestaltet werden kann zeigt das Beispiel von originstamp.org.
Weitere Quellen:
Stefan Mey
Blockchain -Die Verkettung der Welt. Spektrum der Wissenschaft Artikel
In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 2016.
@article{Mey:2016ab,
title = {Blockchain -Die Verkettung der Welt. Spektrum der Wissenschaft},
author = {Stefan Mey},
url = {http://www.spektrum.de/news/die-blockchain-koennte-die-weltwirtschaft-revolutionieren/1416132},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-07-13},
journal = {Spektrum der Wissenschaft},
abstract = {Eine unscheinbare Innovation lockt Investoren in Scharen: Die Blockchain ist radikal offen, kaum zu manipulieren - und könnte bald Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft gehörig aufmischen.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Eine unscheinbare Innovation lockt Investoren in Scharen: Die Blockchain ist radikal offen, kaum zu manipulieren - und könnte bald Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft gehörig aufmischen.
David Palmer
British Isle Alderney Sponsors Distributed Ledger Project Artikel
In: Coindesk, 2016.
@article{Palmer:2016ai,
title = {British Isle Alderney Sponsors Distributed Ledger Project},
author = {David Palmer},
url = {http://www.coindesk.com/island-alderney-sponsors-blockchain-timestamping-project/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+CoinDesk+%28CoinDesk+-+The+Voice+of+Digital+Currency%29},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-15},
journal = {Coindesk},
abstract = {The island of Alderney, a self-governing British Crown Dependency, has sponsored an experimental open-source timestamping service based on distributed ledger technology.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The island of Alderney, a self-governing British Crown Dependency, has sponsored an experimental open-source timestamping service based on distributed ledger technology.
Franco Amati
Using the blockchain as a digital signature scheme Artikel
In: Medium, 2016.
@article{Amati:2016aab,
title = {Using the blockchain as a digital signature scheme},
author = {Franco Amati},
url = {https://medium.com/bitcourt-blog/using-the-blockchain-as-a-digital-signature-scheme-f584278ae826#.a8mk5grl8},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-10},
journal = {Medium},
abstract = {Since late ’70s digital signatures have been successfully used to provide authentication, integrity and non-repudiation of a message and its source. Lotus Notes 1.0 (1989), first widely marketed software package to offer digital signature. Algorithms such as DSA, PKCS #1 (RSA), ECDSA and others were or are used in digital signature solutions like Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and Adobe Sign, among others.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Since late ’70s digital signatures have been successfully used to provide authentication, integrity and non-repudiation of a message and its source. Lotus Notes 1.0 (1989), first widely marketed software package to offer digital signature. Algorithms such as DSA, PKCS #1 (RSA), ECDSA and others were or are used in digital signature solutions like Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and Adobe Sign, among others.
Brian Forde; Michael Casey
How the blockchain will enable self-service government Artikel
In: Wired.co.uk, 2016.
@article{Forde:2016aa,
title = {How the blockchain will enable self-service government},
author = {Brian Forde and Michael Casey},
url = {http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2016-01/05/blockchain-is-the-new-signature?utm_content=buffer894c7&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-05},
journal = {Wired.co.uk},
abstract = {When a baby boy was born on August 4, 1961, the local newspaper announced his birth, as it did many others. More than a declaration of happy news by his parents, those few lines of information were part of a long-lasting tradition -- using the local daily to register, at a set point in time, the addition of a new person to society. Seemingly inconsequential timestamps like these occur every day and, as it turns out, play a key role in ensuring more fair and just societies.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
When a baby boy was born on August 4, 1961, the local newspaper announced his birth, as it did many others. More than a declaration of happy news by his parents, those few lines of information were part of a long-lasting tradition -- using the local daily to register, at a set point in time, the addition of a new person to society. Seemingly inconsequential timestamps like these occur every day and, as it turns out, play a key role in ensuring more fair and just societies.
Ian Allison
Lawyers' lives being made easier thanks to Stampery and the Bitcoin blockchain Artikel
In: International Business Times, 2015.
@article{Allison:2015aa,
title = {Lawyers' lives being made easier thanks to Stampery and the Bitcoin blockchain},
author = {Ian Allison},
url = {http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/lawyers-lives-being-made-easier-thanks-stampery-bitcoin-blockchain-1531871},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-05},
journal = {International Business Times},
abstract = {Blockchain notarisation provider Stampery says one of its main user groups are lawyers dealing in sensitive documents. Stampery, released to the public barely a month ago, uses the Bitcoin blockchain to generate an immutable record of existence, integrity and ownership for any set of data - files, documents, pictures and emails.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Blockchain notarisation provider Stampery says one of its main user groups are lawyers dealing in sensitive documents. Stampery, released to the public barely a month ago, uses the Bitcoin blockchain to generate an immutable record of existence, integrity and ownership for any set of data - files, documents, pictures and emails.
Wojciech Langiewicz
How to Put Custom Messages Into Bitcoin Blockchain - OP_RETURN Artikel
In: Wojciech Programming Blog, 2014.
@article{Langiewicz:2014aa,
title = {How to Put Custom Messages Into Bitcoin Blockchain - OP_RETURN},
author = {Wojciech Langiewicz},
url = {https://www.wlangiewicz.com/2014/10/24/how-to-put-custom-messages-into-bitcoin-blockchain-op_return/},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-10-24},
journal = {Wojciech Programming Blog},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
almel
Explanation of what an OP_RETURN transaction looks like Artikel
In: Bitcoin Stackexchange, 2014.
@article{almel:2014aa,
title = {Explanation of what an OP_RETURN transaction looks like},
author = {almel},
url = {http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/29554/explanation-of-what-an-op-return-transaction-looks-like},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Bitcoin Stackexchange},
abstract = {How is OP_RETURN used and why was it introduced in the first place?},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
How is OP_RETURN used and why was it introduced in the first place?
Make coins redeemable from stamped address url
0000.
@url{ghost:2013,
title = {Make coins redeemable from stamped address},
url = {https://github.com/shesek/btproof/issues/1},
abstract = {The general principal of stamping a hash of some data into the blockchain is fine, except it causes bitcoins to be sent to unredeemable addresses.
One could achieve the same result by using the hash of the data to create a private key (just like a brain wallet). You can then send coins to the bitcoin address of the private key, and be able to redeem the coins afterwards.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {url}
}
The general principal of stamping a hash of some data into the blockchain is fine, except it causes bitcoins to be sent to unredeemable addresses.
One could achieve the same result by using the hash of the data to create a private key (just like a brain wallet). You can then send coins to the bitcoin address of the private key, and be able to redeem the coins afterwards.
Erläuterungen zur Entstehung der OP_RETURN-Funktionalität url
0000.
@url{BitcoinFound,
title = {Erläuterungen zur Entstehung der OP_RETURN-Funktionalität},
url = {https://bitcoinfoundation.org/bitcoin/core-development-update-5/},
abstract = {There have been huge debates in the past about embedding data in the blockchain; some people feel that the blockchain should be a public resource available to use for whatever people like, as long as they pay sufficient transaction fees to make it worthwhile for miners to store their transactions. Others feel that the blockchain should only contain the data necessary to validate bitcoin transactions, and any other data should be stored separately.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {url}
}
There have been huge debates in the past about embedding data in the blockchain; some people feel that the blockchain should be a public resource available to use for whatever people like, as long as they pay sufficient transaction fees to make it worthwhile for miners to store their transactions. Others feel that the blockchain should only contain the data necessary to validate bitcoin transactions, and any other data should be stored separately.
MetroGnomoProject - Open Source Distributed Timestamps url
0000.
@url{MetroGnomo,
title = {MetroGnomoProject - Open Source Distributed Timestamps},
url = {http://www.metrognomo.com},
abstract = {MetroGnomo is an innovative open-source timestamping service based on a mutual distributed ledger or blockchain. Sponsored by the States of Alderney, this globally-available experimental service seeks to facilitate commerce through the provision of impartial timing information. It is the result of Z/Yen’s quest to design, and find a use for, the most stripped down mutual distributed ledger possible.
The States of Alderney have committed to providing oversight of MetroGnomo's integrity until 2021.
Each timestamp is recorded as an entry on MetroGnomo's transparent authoritative immutable ledger. A ledger entry can be easily located using the timestamp’s officially recorded time (MetroTime) or its unique universal identifier (UUID). MetroTime is guaranteed to be unique.
MetroGnomo's mutual distributed ledger (MDL) provides proof of ownership, validates timestamps and demonstrates service impartiality. Uses for MetroGnomo include dating financial contracts, proving authorship of books and inventions, authenticating CCTV footage and facilitating information exchange between organisations. MetroGnomo provides a valuable mechanism to coordinate other MDLs and blockchains, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum or Ripple.
Z/Yen’s ChainZy Technology allows MetroGnomo to utilise the benefits of mutual distributed ledgers while avoiding the costs, in time and computing resource, associated with conventional blockchain proof-of-work validation mechanisms such as ‘mining’. The public broadcast of information from MetroGnomo to mutually distributed ledgers gives proof of validity via a network of independently operated receivers, assuring users that the MetroGnomo mechanism has not been corrupted. This broadcast technology also simplifies the establishment and maintenance of this “network of proof”.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {url}
}
MetroGnomo is an innovative open-source timestamping service based on a mutual distributed ledger or blockchain. Sponsored by the States of Alderney, this globally-available experimental service seeks to facilitate commerce through the provision of impartial timing information. It is the result of Z/Yen’s quest to design, and find a use for, the most stripped down mutual distributed ledger possible.
The States of Alderney have committed to providing oversight of MetroGnomo's integrity until 2021.
Each timestamp is recorded as an entry on MetroGnomo's transparent authoritative immutable ledger. A ledger entry can be easily located using the timestamp’s officially recorded time (MetroTime) or its unique universal identifier (UUID). MetroTime is guaranteed to be unique.
MetroGnomo's mutual distributed ledger (MDL) provides proof of ownership, validates timestamps and demonstrates service impartiality. Uses for MetroGnomo include dating financial contracts, proving authorship of books and inventions, authenticating CCTV footage and facilitating information exchange between organisations. MetroGnomo provides a valuable mechanism to coordinate other MDLs and blockchains, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum or Ripple.
Z/Yen’s ChainZy Technology allows MetroGnomo to utilise the benefits of mutual distributed ledgers while avoiding the costs, in time and computing resource, associated with conventional blockchain proof-of-work validation mechanisms such as ‘mining’. The public broadcast of information from MetroGnomo to mutually distributed ledgers gives proof of validity via a network of independently operated receivers, assuring users that the MetroGnomo mechanism has not been corrupted. This broadcast technology also simplifies the establishment and maintenance of this “network of proof”.
Stampery.com url
0000.
@url{Stampery,
title = {Stampery.com},
url = {https://stampery.com},
abstract = {Stampery BTA opens a new world of possibilities by overcoming all the limitations inherent to public blockchains and allowing timestamping and anchoring of an unlimited amount of data.
Using our patent pending technology we are able to process up to 10⁹ data sets/second, extract their unique secure cryptographic identifiers, build a cryptographic tree with all this data in real time and publish the result to both the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains.
For each individual dataset, we generate and provide a proof document that is everything you or any independent verifier need in order to prove that the given dataset was indeed stamped.
We provide an industrial-scale public API so that you can seamlessly integrate your own applications and systems with BTA. Transparency, attribution, accountability and auditability are now within your grasp.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {url}
}
Stampery BTA opens a new world of possibilities by overcoming all the limitations inherent to public blockchains and allowing timestamping and anchoring of an unlimited amount of data.
Using our patent pending technology we are able to process up to 10⁹ data sets/second, extract their unique secure cryptographic identifiers, build a cryptographic tree with all this data in real time and publish the result to both the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains.
For each individual dataset, we generate and provide a proof document that is everything you or any independent verifier need in order to prove that the given dataset was indeed stamped.
We provide an industrial-scale public API so that you can seamlessly integrate your own applications and systems with BTA. Transparency, attribution, accountability and auditability are now within your grasp.